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The feverish spectacle of a summer camp for evangelical Christian kids is the focus of Jesus Camp, a fascinating if sometimes alarming documentary. An old friend used to say that "Ulysses" was a good book to read but not a good book to "read". After reading "Lolita" I understand what he meant. Get the latest science news and technology news, read tech reviews and more at ABC News.
Broadcast syndication - Wikipedia. Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcasttelevision programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations, without going through a broadcast network. It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates. Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world, as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates; although less common, shows can be syndicated internationally. The three main types of syndication are . Reruns are usually found on stations affiliated with smaller networks like Fox or The CW, especially since these networks broadcast one less hour of prime time network programming than the Big Three television networks and far less network- provided daytime television (only one hour for The CW, none at all for Fox).
A show usually enters off- network syndication when it has built up about four seasons' worth or between 8. For example, National Public Radio (NPR) stations commonly air the Public Radio Exchange's This American Life, which may contain stories produced by NPR journalists.
When syndicating a show, the production company, or a distribution company called a syndicator, attempts to license the show to one station in each media market or area, or to a commonly owned station group, within the country and internationally. If successful, this can be lucrative, but the syndicator may only be able to license the show in a small percentage of the markets. Syndication differs from licensing the show to a television network. Once a network picks up a show, it is usually guaranteed to run on most or all the network's affiliates on the same day of the week and at the same time (in a given time zone, in countries where this is a concern). Some production companies create their shows and license them to networks at a loss, at least at first, hoping that the series will succeed and that eventual off- network syndication will turn a profit for the show. The trade of program for airtime is called . Many syndicated programs are traditionally sold first to one of five .
TV markets (such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia, where all five aforementioned groups each own stations), before striking deals with other major and smaller station owners. Shows airing in first- run syndication that are carried primarily by an owned- and- operated station of a network may sometimes be incorrectly referenced as a network program, regardless to its distribution to stations of varying network affiliations and despite the fact it is not part of an individual network's base schedule. Since the early 2. Meanwhile, top- rated syndicated shows in the United States usually have a domestic market reach as high as 9. Very often, series' that are aired in syndication have reduced running times. For example, a standard American sitcom runs 2.
Syndication can take the form of either weekly or daily syndication. Game shows, some . Big discussion occurred in the 1. There had been much opposition to this idea and it was generally viewed to lead to the death of the show. However, licensing a program for syndication actually resulted in the increased popularity for shows that remained in production.
A prime example is Law & Order. In the early days of television, this was less of an issue, as there were in most markets fewer TV stations than there were networks (at the time four), which meant that the stations that did exist affiliated with multiple networks and, when not airing network or local programs, typically signed off.
The loosening of licensing restrictions, and the subsequent passage of the All- Channel Receiver Act, meant that by the early 1. There were now more stations than the networks, now down to three after the failure of the Du. Mont Television Network, could serve. Some stations were not affiliated with any network, operating as independent stations. Both groups sought to supplement their locally produced programming with content that could be flexibly scheduled. The development of videotape and, much later, enhanced satellite downlink access furthered these options.
While most past first- run syndicated shows were shown only in syndication, some canceled network shows continued to be produced for first- run syndication or were revived for syndication several years after their original cancellation. Until about 1. 98. Mike Douglas and Merv Griffin, and variety and quiz shows.)Ziv Television Programs, Inc., after establishing itself as a major radio syndicator, was the first major first- run television syndicator, creating several long- lived series in the 1. Ziv's first major TV hit was The Cisco Kid.
Ziv had the foresight to film the Cisco Kid series in color, even though color TV was still in its infancy and most stations did not yet support the technology. Among the most widely seen Ziv offerings were Sea Hunt, I Led Three Lives, Highway Patrol and Ripcord. Some first- run syndicated series were picked up by networks in the 1. Adventures of Superman and Mr.
The networks began syndicating their reruns in the late 1. Some stalwart series continued, including Death Valley Days; other ambitious projects were also to flourish, however briefly, such as The Play of the Week (1. David Susskind (of the syndicated talk show Open End and also producer of such network fare as NYPD). Among other syndicated series of the 1. MCA's The Abbott and Costello Show (vaudeville- style comedy) and Guild Films' Liberace (musical variety) and Life With Elizabeth, a domestic situation comedy that introduced Betty White to a national audience. In addition to the Adventures of Superman, many other series were based on comic strips and aimed at the juvenile audience, including Flash Gordon, Dick Tracy, Sheena, Queen of the Jungle, and Joe Palooka.
Original juvenile adventure series included Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion, Cowboy G- Men, and Ramar of the Jungle. Series based on literary properties included Sherlock Holmes, Long John Silver (based on Treasure Island), and The Three Musketeers. Several of these were co- productions between U. S. Crusader Rabbit pioneered in the area of first- run animated series; followed by Bucky and Pepito, Colonel Bleep, Spunky and Tadpole, Q.
T. Hush, and others. Until late in the 1. Westerns) with relatively few notable stars. One syndication company, National Telefilm Associates, attempted to create a . The venture lasted five years and closed down in 1. By the late 1. 96. United States, with the major network affiliates (usually on longer- range VHF stations) consistently were drawing more viewers than their UHF, independent counterparts; syndicators thus hoped to get their programs onto the major network stations, where spots in the lineup were far more scarce.
FCC rulings in 1. U. S. Buckley, Jr.'s interview/debate series Firing Line.
The more obvious result was an increase in Canadian- produced syndicated dramatic series, such as Dusty's Trail and the Colgate- sponsored Dr. Simon Locke. Game shows, often evening editions of network afternoon series, flourished, and a few odd items such as Wild Kingdom, canceled by NBC in 1. Federal Communications Commission passed the Prime Time Access Rule and Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, which prevented networks from programming one particular hour of prime time programming on its television stations each night and required the networks to spin off their syndication arms as independent companies. Although the intent of the rule was to encourage local stations to produce their own programs for this time slot, budgetary limits instead prompted stations to buy syndicated programs to fill the slot. This, coupled with an increase in UHF independent stations, caused a boom in the syndication market.
In the 1. 97. 0s, first- run syndication continued to be an odd mix: cheaply produced, but not always poor quality, . These included the dance- music show Soul Train, and 2.
Century Fox's That's Hollywood, a television variation on the popular That's Entertainment! These include the documentary series Wild, Wild World of Animals (repackaged by Time- Life with narration by William Conrad) and Thames Television's sober and necessarily grim The World at War. The Starlost (1. 97. Canadian series, apparently modified from the vision of science fiction writers Harlan Ellison and Ben Bova. Britain's ITC Entertainment, headed by Lew Grade, made UFO (1.
Space: 1. 99. 9 (1. These two series were created by Gerry Anderson (and his associates), who was previously best known for Supermarionation (a combination of puppetry and animation) series such as Thunderbirds. The most successful syndicated show in the United States in the 1. The Muppet Show, also from Lew Grade's company. Animated series from the 1.
Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds and Around the World with Willy Fog came from Spanish animation production company BRB Internacional and their Japanese co- producers Nippon Animation. Game shows thrived in syndication during the decade. Nightly versions of What's My Line?, Truth or Consequences, Beat the Clock and To Tell the Truth premiered in the late 1. Several daytime network games began producing once- a- week nighttime versions for broadcast in the early evening hours, usually with bigger prizes and often featuring different hosts (emcees were limited to appearing on one network and one syndicated game simultaneously) and modified titles (Match Game PM, The $1.
Name That Tune or The $2. Pyramid, for example). A few independent game shows, such as Sports Challenge and Celebrity Bowling, also entered the syndication market around this time. Of these shows, Let's Make a Deal and Hollywood Squares were the first to jump to twice- a- week syndicated versions around 1. Another popular daytime show to have a weekly syndicated version was The Price Is Right, which began concurrently in weekly syndication and on CBS; the syndicated .
The Cosmic Serpent - DNA and The Origins of Knowledge. Contents. The Cosmic Serpent - . DNA and The Origins of Knowledge. Q& A with Jeremy Narby. Todd Stewart. DNA and The Origins of. Knowledge. Ayahuasca. The Cosmic Serpent.
DNA and The Origins of Knowledgeby Jeremy Narbyfrom. Think. About. It Website.
Jeremy Narby, Ph. D, grew up in Canada and Switzerland, studied. University of Canterbury, and received his doctorate. Stanford University. He is author of . We were in the forest squatting next to a.
I was 2. 5 years old and starting a two- year. Stanford University.
My training had led me to expect that people. In conversations about plants, animals, land, or the. Nevertheless, the enigma remained: These extremely.
Amazonian forest, insisted that their extensive botanical knowledge. Amazonian. shamans have been preparing ayahuasca for millennia.
The brew is a. necessary combination of two plants, which must be boiled together. The second plant. So here are people without electron microscopes who choose, among. Amazonian plant species, the leaves of a bush containing. It is as if they knew. I had not come to Quirishari to study this issue, which for me. I even considered the study of.
I was trying to. demonstrate that true development consisted first in recognizing the. When an idea seems.
Their empirical. knowledge was undeniable, but their explanations concerning the. On the one hand, I wanted to understand what they. They had always used such. In June 1. 99. 2, I went to Rio to attend the world conference on.
You. don't take them literally, do you?? Second, plants do not communicate like. Scientific theories of communication consider that. On the one hand, its. Western. knowledge.
When I understood that the enigma of plant communication was a blind. I felt the call to conduct an in- depth. Furthermore, I had been carrying the mystery of plant communication.
Ashaninca, and I knew that. It seemed to me that the establishment of a serious. I had myself ingested ayahuasca in Quirishari, an experience that. In the months. afterwards, I thought quite a lot about what my main Ashaninca. Carlos Perez Shuma, had said.
What. if I took him literally? I liked this idea and decided to read the anthropological texts on. I taped a note on the wall of my office. Therefore, I reasoned, the enigma of hallucinatory. Was this information.
Both of these perspectives seemed to present advantages and. However, I could not agree with. Furthermore, the speed and coherence of some of the. I knew that I could not possibly have filmed them. On the other hand, I was finding it increasingly easy to suspend.
After all, there were all kinds of gaps and contradictions. Scientists do not know how these substances. It no longer seemed unreasonable to me to consider. The. solution would therefore consist in posing the question differently. It was not a matter of asking whether the source of hallucinations.
I could not see how this idea would work in practice. I liked it because it reconciled two points of view that were. My research revealed that in the early 1. Michael Harner had gone to the Peruvian Amazon to study the culture of the. Conibo Indians. After a year or so he had made little headway in. Conibo told him that.
The following evening, under the. After several minutes he found. He saw that his visions emanated from .
I. saw an ocean, barren land, and a bright blue sky. Then black specks. I could see the . They explained to me in a kind of thought.
The creatures. then showed me how they had created life on the planet in order to. Before me, the magnificence of plant and animal creation. I learned. that the dragon- like creatures were thus inside all forms of life. DNA could thus be. I had been trying to. However, a few pages on, Harner notes that .
This made me think that the. DNA resembled, in its form, two entwined serpents. The reptilian creatures that Harner had seen in his brain reminded. I could not say what. Paging. through it, I was stopped by a Desana drawing of a human brain with. According to Reichel- Dolmatoff, within the fissure. In Desana shamanism these two.
In brief, they represent a concept. The snakes are imagined as. Pure coincidence?
To find out, I picked up a book about a third ayahuasca- using. French) Vision, Knowledge, Power: Shamanism. Among the Yagua in the North- East of Peru. In this study by. Jean- Pierre Chaumeil (to my mind, one of the most rigorous on the. I found a . Or rather, I could see an easy way of interpreting. Harner drinks a strong dose of ayahuasca with.
This seemed highly improbable to me. Still, I had decided to follow my approach. So I casually penciled in the. Chaumeil's text. The story that the Ashaninca tell about. Av? Among the Aztecs?
I was. trying to keep one eye on DNA and the other on shamanism to discover. I reviewed the correspondences.
I had found so far. The shamans' ladders, . It is by. means of a rope or a ladder (as, too, by a vine, a bridge, a chain.
I started flipping through his other writings in. How could cosmic serpents from Australia possibly. Western Amazonia? I. tried answering my own question: One, Western culture has cut itself. DNA, since it. adopted an exclusively rational point of view.
Three. paradoxically, the part of humanity that cut itself off from the. People use different techniques in different places to gain access. In their visions. This is how. they learn to combine brain hormones with monoamine oxidase.
I should check. whether DNA emits sound or not. It seemed that no one had noticed the possible links between the. On the contrary; everything was.
It was said,that hallucinations could in no way. Indians had found their. I picked up the phone and called an old friend, who is. I quickly took him through the correspondences I had.
Eliade's. ladders. The spirits one sees in hallucinations.
In other. words, they are made of their own language, like DNA. This is how. shamanic cultures have known for millennia that the vital principle. And the. shamans' metaphoric explanations correspond quite precisely to the. It's like that with souls.
Yet this did not constitute proof that the. DNA was what shamans saw in their visions. How could a distant candle be compared to a . The colors were 1. DNA's highly. coherent photon emission accounted for the luminescence of. On the basis of this connection, I could now conceive of a. The molecules of nicotine.
DNA and. more particularly, to its emission of visible waves, which shamans. They would remind me that nineteenth century. When they discovered, for. Scotland, but in. Arabia and the Ukraine, they established false connections between.
Then they realized that people could do similar. Since then, anthropology has backed away from grand generalizations. Yet by shunning comparisons between. Is the cosmic serpent of the Shipibo- Conibo, the Aztecs, the.
Australian Aborigines, and the Ancient Egyptians the same? Why insist on taking.
According to my hypothesis, shamans take their consciousness down to. What is the nature of a shaman's communication with the.
The clear answer is that more research. Back to Contents. The Cosmic Serpent - DNA and the Origins. Knowledge. Q& A with Jeremy Narby by Todd Stewartfrom. De. Oxy Website. Could you sum up your book . What is this. intelligence? Intelligence comes from the Latin inter- legere, to choose.
There seems to be a capacity to make choices operating. DNA itself is a kind of . Some. enzymes edit the RNA transcript of the DNA text and add new. Cells send one another. These signals. mean: divide, or don't divide, move, or don't move, kill. Any one cell is listening to hundreds. How this intelligence operates is the.
DNA has essentially maintained its structure for 3. What role does DNA play in our evolution? DNA is a single molecule with a double helix structure; it is. This twinning mechanism is at the heart of life since it. Without it, one cell could not become two, and life would.
And, from one generation to the next, the DNA text. This means that beings can be the same and not. One of the mysteries is what drives the changes in the. DNA text in evolution. DNA has apparently been around for.
The old theory - random accumulation of errors combined with. The question is wide open. The structure of DNA as we know it is made up of letters and. You could say our bodies. How do we access this hidden language? By studying it. There are several roads to knowledge, including.
The symbol of the Cosmic Serpent, the snake, is a central. Why is there such a consistent.
Is the world inherently. This is the observation that led me to investigate the cosmic. I found the symbol in shamanism all over the world. That's a good question.
My hypothesis is that it is. DNA inside virtually all living. And DNA itself is a symbolic Saussurian code. So, yes. in at least one important way, the living world is inherently. We are made of living language. You write of how the ideology of .
Why do you think we are often. I don't believe we are.
People spend hours each day thinking. Our emotional brain treats all the information.
One can fill a. book with correspondences between shamanism and molecular. Do you think there is not only an intelligence based in our DNA. I think we should attend to the words we use. I do not know whether there is a . This. concept will require at least a decade or two for biologists to. How do you feel about the book and what it. Why did you write the book?
I wrote the book because I felt that certain things needed. Writing a book is like sending out a message in a. Judging from the responses. Actual photo of chromosomal DNA.
How can shamanism complement modern science? Most definitions of . Claude Levi- Strauss showed in his book The Savage. Mind that human beings have been carefully observing nature and. Civilization. rests on millennia of Neolithic science.
I think the science of. Shamanism is like a reverse camera. The shamans were very spiritual people. Has any of this affected. What is spiritual in your life? I don't use the word . I spend. my time promoting land titling projects and bilingual education.
I also. spend time with my children, and with children in my community.